The outcome of the Workshop is published in the International Journal of Ecohydrology & Hydrology, volume 1 (3), year 2001.

Working Party Methodologies for rehabilitation of lakes and reservoirs

Mr H. Lehtonen (Finland) convenes the Working Party. The Working Party is preparing a Manual on Rehabilitation of lakes and reservoirs for fish. Almost all of the chapters have been written already and the editors (Convener, Ian Cowx and Rudolf Müller) met in Lammi, Finland on 17-22 August 2001 in order to edit the texts. The aim was to complete the work by the end of 2001 but it was impossible, because all authors did not submit their contribution in time. The aim is, however, that the work will be completed during 2002.

The contents of the Manual are as follows:

Working Party Prevention and control of bird predation

Mr E. Staub (Switzerland) convenes the Working Party.

During the intersessional period there were several meetings of the EU-project REDCAFE (Reducing the Conflict between Cormorants and Fisheries on a pan-European scale). From 3 to 6 April 2001, an International Symposium Interaction between fish and birds: implications for management, was organized by the Hull International Fisheries Institute, University of Hull, in collaboration with EIFAC. The meeting took place in nine sessions (49 papers were presented). Many presentations concerned marine fish and bird species. For the freshwater range of EIFAC, it made sense to widen the view because the European cormorant issue is also important for coastal waters. To solve the bird/fishery conflict, the human dimension aspects are at least as important as the aspect of data collection and data analysis; therefore, they should also be considered. The proceedings will be published in 2002 by Fishing News Books.

The EU-funded project REDCAFE

The EU-funded project REDCAFE had its official start on 1 December 2000. The overall objective is to synthesise current cormorant/fisheries information and to identify and evaluate methods of reducing the current Europe-wide conflict between conservationists and fisheries interests. REDCAFE has a duration of two years and operates with five work packages (WP):

Working Party Influence of management practices on the environment

The 31^st Session of GESAMP, New York, 13-17 August 2001, noted that the Working Group was never activated, on the one hand due to a continuing lower priority than other issues and on the other due to the fact that this issue itself is still developing rapidly. A short working paper was presented by the nominal Chairperson of the Working Group, which confirmed that there were still many questions to be answered before an in-depth GESAMP review on this topic would be justified (Annex I to this report). He reported that he had contacted EIFAC but that there was little sign of progress towards a joint working group as originally agreed by the 29th Session of GESAMP.

Community Programme of Research on Environmental Hormones and Endocrine Disrupters (COMPREHEND)

The convenor of the Working party attended the End-user workshop in Paris, March 2002 of the COMPREHEND programme. COMPREHEND is part of the Environment and Climate RTD Programme of the Research Directorate-General of the European Commission (4th Framework Programme), contract ENV4-CT98-0798. The COMPREHEND partnership consists of 13 research laboratories from seven European countries. The partnership originated from the Euraqua network of freshwater research organizations. Further information on COMPREHEND: http://www.ife.ac.uk/comprehend.

New activities for EIFAC Sub-Commission III: Protection Aquatic Resource

EU Water Framework Directive (WFD)

In December 2000 the European Commission published the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). The Directive has consequences for the management of the surface- and groundwater in EU States. The Directive has a watersystem approach, which implies an international coordination of the management of the surface- and groundwater. The Directive distinguishes four types of surface waters: Rivers, Lakes, Estuaries and Coastal Waters. The Directive identifies the ecological status of the water bodies which involves criteria with regard to biological quality elements: phytoplankton, macrophytes and phytobenthos, benthic invertebrate fauna and fish fauna. The status of the fish fauna should be assessed according to criteria as: species composition, abundance, sensitive species, age structure and production. The general procedures of the future monitoring programmes are outlined in the WFD. Currently an international effort is necessary to coordinate the monitoring methods and criteria based on freshwater fishes and their habitats.

In view of the expertise of EIFAC in the field of fish-related knowledge on water quality, EIFAC must be involved in efforts to standardise monitoring methods and efforts to identify the criteria on which these programmes are based. Links should be established with the Working Party on Fish Monitoring in Fresh Waters and with the EU project: Development, Evaluation and Implementation of a Standardised Fishbased Assessment Method for the Ecological Status of European Rivers, a contribution to the Water Framework Directive (FAME) (http://fame.boku.ac.at).

In January 2002 The Dutch organization RIZA (http://www.riza.nl/) and the International Commission for Protection of the Meuse (ICPM) (http://www.cipm-icbm.be/) in cooperation with the International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (IRC) organized an international Workshop on fish-based methods to evaluate the ecological status of rivers in Maastricht (The Netherlands). The purpose of the workshop was to identify the state of the art and to harmonise the methodologies in order to cope in time with the demands of the EU Water Framework Directive. The proceedings of the workshop will be published in June 2002 as a document of the International Commission for the protection of the Meuse.

Working Party on Aquatic Environmental Hazard Assessment Criteria and Methods

The 21st Session of EIFAC disbanded the Working Party on Accumulated Toxicants in Fish. The Commission considered the activity to be of continuing importance and focussed the programme of the Sub-Commission on mutagenic effects, stress-related parameters and the effects of xeno-estrogenic substances on male fishes. Although the programme of Sub-Commission III does not include the effects of toxicants in fishes on human health, this topic is of importance to EIFAC. National and EU regulations on toxic substances in food have serious consequences for freshwater fisheries and aquaculture.
Food safety and food quality aspects in fish products are attracting growing attention, both in domestic as well as in international markets. Promotion of fish product safety and quality assurance includes the handling, storage and processing of captured and farmed fish. The EXCOM meeting felt a need to identify information on efforts such as conventional regulations, standards, hygienic codes of practice as well as promotion of application of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point System (HACCP) with a view to allow for less qualitative, but more cost-effective surveillance and monitoring. The EXCOM meeting realized that GESAMP identified a similar subject for its future programme. The meeting therefore proposed to investigate possibilities for a joint EIFAC/GESAMP Working Party on Aquatic Environmental Hazard Assessment Criteria and Methods.

The 31^st Session of GESAMP, New York, 13-17 August 2001, established a Working Group (No. 33) on Aquatic Environmental Hazard Assessment Methods for Application in Seafood Safety Risk Assessment and Management, and decided that the terms of reference for the Working Group should be developed along the following lines:

• the uptake of contaminants such as organochlorines and metals into seafood;

• the presence of microbial contaminants in seafood;

• human exposure, and

• seafood species specific issues.

Annex 1

GESAMP XXXI/10

7 August 2001

ENGLISH ONLY

ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING SUBSTANCES IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT:
IMPACTS ON AQUATIC WILDLIFE AND HUMAN HEALTH

Working paper by the Chairman of Working Group 27; and
Excerpt from Status report of EIFAC Sub-Commission III on this issue

INTRODUCTION

At its XXXth Session, GESAMP agreed that the GESAMP Working Group on the Evaluation of Harmful Substances Carried by Ships jointly with the European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIFAC) and in cooperation with WHO would prepare a short working paper on endocrine disrupting substances in the aquatic environment (GESAMP Reports and Studies No. 69, section 9.5).

The working paper is presented in this document. An excerpt from the status report of EIFAC Sub-Commisssion III - Protection of the Aquatic Resource on this issue is also presented.
(Note: Status report of EIFAC SC III not reproduced in this Annex)

WORKING PAPER BY DR T. BOWMER, CHAIRMAN OF GESAMP WORKING GROUP 27

`Endocrine disruption' has become a collective term for a wide range of loosely related, reproductive effects observed among a variety of organisms in the field and the laboratory. This topic has attracted worldwide attention largely due to its the potential implications for human fertility as well as some well reported cases among wildlife. There has been a large-scale influx of scientific research funding over the last six or seven years as a result. Fundamental advances in (eco)-toxicology are being made, with the help of molecular probes, and the application of so-called nano-toxicology techniques in research into reproductive disturbance and its underlying biochemical mechanisms. As yet, the connection between measured or suspected decline in the reproduction of marine organisms or subsequent effects on humans, exposed to known endocrine disrupting chemicals or unspecified mixtures remains to be clearly elucidated - is there a problem in the marine environment and those dependent on it?

GESAMP felt the need to focus on this emerging issue as far back as 1996 and instructed the EHS working group to gather literature and carry out a watching brief. The purpose of this paper is to focus on a number of critical issues in order to attempt to answer the above question.

Observed phenomena

While a number of well known instances of reproductive disturbances are regularly cited in the literature, the real extent of such phenomena in the field, particularly the marine environment appears to be sketchy at present. The following could be considered:

• incidence of unexplained `reproductive failure' in the marine (and freshwater) environment;

• incidence of change in sex ratio, increase in hermaphroditism among species with separate sexes, abnormal gonad morphology/reproductive tract, or other possible reproduction-related pathological effects in the wild, and

• incidence of definite chemically induced reproductive disturbance.

While this general approach could be used to cover the invertebrate and vertebrate world, up to and including marine mammals, summarizing the observed phenomena with regard to human health presents a more difficult problem (see below).

Sources and significance of potential endocrine disrupting substances

• Diffuse vs point sources:

  - treated and untreated sewage outfalls (natural and synthetic estrogens);

  - treated and untreated industrial effluents, and

  - atmospheric deposition.

• Inshore waters/land based sources vs offshore

Hazard and risk

• To estimate intrinsic hazard, some integral estimate of world production/emission volume in relation to potency of endocrine effects (on the estradiol scale) and persistence of known ED compounds might be useful.

• A risk assessment of model substances is a topic discussed at GESAMP XXX, which received support (regrettably not reported). This is an element that few if any scientists appear to have confronted as yet and where GESAMP could give the lead.

Processes mitigating or exacerbating potential exposure

1. (Bio)degradability/persistence (an intrinsic molecular property giving resistance to degradation:

• What are the half lives of estradiol, ethynylestradiol?

• Are readily or inherently degradably compounds still a cause for concern?

• A still unresolved question is whether degradation rates in seawater equal those of freshwater?

2. Receptor binding ability (strong or weak).

To date, most effects have been associated with the feminizing influence of `estrogenic' compounds - is the potential threat from compounds with other mechanisms of effect any less, e.g. anti-estrogenic, androgenic, anti-androgenic, thyroid hormone disrupting, etc? For which phyla and orders are these effects relevant. What types of signal are important?

3. Species specific vulnerability - are some types of reproductive/endocrine systems intrinsically more vulnerable than others?

Human health concerns

• Is the POP's convention sufficient to ensure that persistent chlorinated chemicals will decline in use to the extent that they are no longer of concern? If so, will this act to reduce exposures to the most dangerous ED's in any case?

• Excepting large scale accidental exposures, those covered under existing legislation, and POP's (hard bioaccumulating, persistent compounds) temporarily out of the equation, is there a caucus of hard evidence for ED effects from general industrial chemicals in the human population:

  (a) in developing countries, and

  (b) in transition economies and the developed world?

• Is endocrine disruption an exclusively developed world problem? Given the threats to developed countries due to coastal zone degradation/erosion, raw sewage entering coastal waters used for food production, etc (see GESAMP LBA report), does this issue spring out in terms of relative importance?

• Does the hormonal (human and cattle) component of untreated sewage/manure represent a threat to man and the marine environment.

Annex 2
Proposal EIFAC Working Party on Handling of Fishes in Fisheries and Aquaculture

INTRODUCTION
The handling of fishes and fish stocks is increasingly subject to legislation and regulation. The 2001 EIFAC EXCOM meeting realized the need to identify current legislation and regulations in the EIFAC member countries. Also a need was felt to exchange information on the actual practise of handling fishes in fisheries and aquaculture such as harvest, storage and slaughter of fishes. The meeting proposed to establish a Working Party on Handling of Fishes in Fisheries and Aquaculture. A framework for the Working Party and relevant literature references for the development of a specific programme are presented for discussion during the 22^nd EIFAC session.

The handling of fishes and fish stocks takes place in various settings:


• Fishes are used in commercial fishing
  
• Fishes are used in recreational fishing
  
• Fishes are used in aquaculture
  
• Fishes are used in experiments.

The handling of fishes in these situations is increasingly subject to critical discussion. This results in many countries in legislation and regulations of practices in fisheries and aquaculture. The arguments in the discussion are only partly based on information from biological research. The attitude of of our society to the handling of fishes is also inspired by ethical considerations. During the last decades many people realized that animals have an intrinsic value that has to be respected. Thus the framework for a Working Party on Handling of Fishes is not restricted to biological information on the topic. The social and cultural aspects of fishing are also part of the programme.

The basic knowledge on the effects of handling on the fishes is scattered in many reports and publications. Thus there is a need to review the available data and information into a report. The legislation and regulation on the handling of fishes in these circumstances is different in the EIFAC member countries. In many countries the regulation for the use of fishes in experiments is more developed than the regulations for the handling of fishes in fisheries and aquaculture. Legislation and regulation of the practices in fisheries and aquaculture are increasingly part of an international approach. Thus there si a need to bring together the relevant information into a report.

Therefore the proposed Working Party on Handling of Fishes in Fisheries and Aquaculture must identify the current information in a document, which includes the following topics:

• Basic knowledge of the effects of handling of fishes in fisheries and aquaculture
  
• Information about the discussion on welfare of fishes in EIFAC member countries
  
• Relevant web sites for information on welfare of fishes and handling of fishes
  
• Current practice of handling of fishes in fisheries and aquaculture in EIFAC member countries and relevant information from other countries
  
• Current legislation and regulation on handling in fisheries and aquaculture in EIFAC member countries (including EU regulations)

  The document must result a Code of practice on handling of fishes in fisheries and aquaculture, which can be used for regulation in practice in the EIFAC member countries.

  The Working party must be a forum to exchange information about the handling of fishes for people working in fisheries and aquaculture.

Products of Working Party

The Working Party must produce a document which supplies the information on the handling of fishes in fisheries and aquaculture. The document must be published as an EIFAC paper.

The Working Party organizes a workshop on handling of fishes in fisheries and aquaculture with the aim to exchange information for people working in fisheries an aquaculture.

The Working Party supplies information on handling of fishes that can be presented on the EIFAC web site.

The Working Party must propose a Code of practice on handling of fishes in fisheries and aquaculture to EIFAC.

Plan of action

The Working Party is formed by people from various disciplines. Scientifically trained fish biologists and aquaculturists work together with practice-oriented fishermen and aquaculturists. Moreover there is an input form policymakers on fisheries and aquaculture.

The Working Party collects information on the various aspects of the handling of fishes by means of an equiry that is distributed among the EIFAC correspondents.

The Working party must identify experts in the field to contribute basic information about aspects of the handling of fishes and welfare of fishes for the report of the Working party

The Working Party organizes a workshop on handling of fishes in fisheries and aquaculture.

Appendix

In the appendix relevant web sites are presented. In the final document of the list must be enlarged and short summaries about the information on the sites must be given. The information is useful to include on the EIFAC web site.

In the appendix is given a list with relevant publications on several aspects of the handling of fishes in fisheries and aquaculture. In the final document of the Working Party the list must be enlarged. Also the presentation of the references must be split up in categories.

Nieuwegein May 31 , 2002

Lex Raat,
Chairperson EIFAC subcommission III

Relevant web sites

Animal Welfare Centre US Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/
International Fund for Animal Welfare: http://www.ifaw.org/
Animal Welfare Institute: http://www.awionline.org/

Relevant literature on handling and welfare of fishes

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Baerends, G.P. (1978). Welzijn: vanuit de ethologie bezien. In J.J. Groen en A.D. de Groot (Eds.) Over welzijn: Criterium, Onderzoeksobject, Beleidsdoel (pp.83-106). Deventer: Van Loghum Slaterus.

Balon, E. K. (2000). Defending fishes against recreational fishing: an old problem to be solved in the new millenium. Environmental Biology of Fishes 57: 1-8.

Barnhart, R.A. & Roelofs, T.D. (1979). Catch-and-release fishing as a management tool: A national sportfishing symposium, september 7-8, 1977. Arcata: Humboldt State University, 220 p.

Barnhart, R.A. (1989). Symposium review; catch and release fishing, a decade of experience. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 9, 74-80.

Bateson, P. (1991). Assessment of pain in animals. Animal behaviour, 42, 827-839

Bateson, P. (1992). Do animals feel pain? New Scientist, 30-33

Bermond, B. (1992). Leed bij dieren of de mythe van het bewustzijn. Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam.

Bermond, B. (1996). Dierenleed: een neuropsychologische analyse van moedwil en misverstand. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor de Psychologie 51, 121-134.

Bermond, B. (1997). The myth of animal suffering. In: M. Dol, S. Kasanmoentalib, S. Lijmbach, E. Rivas, R. van den Bos (redactie). Animal consciousness and animal ethics. (pp. 125 - 143) Assen: Van Gorcum.

Bermond, B. (1997). Consciousness or the art of foul play. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 10, 227-247, 1998.

Bernoth, E.-M. & Wormuth, H.J. (1990). Tierschutzaspekte bei der Tötung von Fischen. Deutsche tierärzliche Wochenschrift, 97 (4): 154-157

Beukema, J.J. (1969). Angling experiments with carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) I. Differences between wild, domesticated, and hybrid strains. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 19, 596-609

Beukema, J.J. (1970). Angling experiments with carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) II. Decreasing catchability through one-trial learning. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 20, 81-92

Beukema, J.J. (1970a). Acquired hook-avoidance in the pike Esox lucius L. fished with artificial and natural baits. Journal of Fish Biology 2, 155-160

Beukema, J.J. (1974) Experimental test of a basic assumption of capture-recapture method in pond populations of carp Cyrpinus carpio L. Journal of Fish Biology 6, 317-329.

Boer, E. de (1996). De impact van dierenwelzijn in het Verenigd Koninkrijk. Den Haag - Londen (Groot-Brittannië): Bureau van het Ministerie van LNV, - 41 p.

Bolles, R.C. & Fanselow, M.S.(1980) Perceptual-defensive-recuperative model of fear and pain. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3, 291-323

Boon, D. (1986). Een wet voor het welzijn van dieren; Memorie van Antwoord; Op de bres voor dieren, óók met een goede wetgeving. Den Haag: Nederlandse Vereniging tot Bescherming van Dieren, 11 p.

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Council Directive 93/119/EC on the protection of animals at the time of slaughter and killing. Official Journal of the European Communities, 22 December 1993.

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